Bringing together new and previously published work by scholars such as Edward Burns, Ulla E. Dydo, Marjorie Perloff, Joan Retallack, Leon Katz, Václav Paris, Renate Stendhal, and others, this Jacket2 feature also includes links to many of the materials to which these writers respond. Barbezat, who was encouraged by Tavernier, was a pharmacist in Lyon when in 1940, at the age of twenty-seven, he began hand-printing and assembling his journal. In the end, Stein was able to go on to write her great feminist opera, on collaborators, the terror of the German presence, and, (1945) and the “Fathers are depressing” passage on Hitler, Mussolini, Franko, Stalin, and Roosevelt in, . To suggest as Dershowitz does, that Stein had knowledge of what was happening in Izieu, is to fabricate a situation in which Stein was kept informed by some Nazi network of all they were planning.20, In this essay I have emphasized that that Bernard Faÿ is not the only thread in the complex tapestry of Stein’s life during the occupation. This document declared them to be temporary residents in France and therefore entitled to enter Switzerland. Malcolm spoke with Joan Chapman about what Stein might and might not have known at the time. Periodically Faÿ reported to Stein on the safety of her collection (Stein did not return to Paris again until December 1944. “You will write if you will write without thinking of the result in terms of a result, but think of the … Gertrude Stein, avant-garde American writer, eccentric, and self-styled genius whose Paris home was a salon for the leading artists and writers of the period between World Wars I and II. The Liste Bernhard is named after a German general who, while visiting in Paris, found books hostile to Germany on sale. Gertrude Stein (Allegheny (Pennsylvania), 3 februari 1874 - Parijs, 27 juli 1946) was een Amerikaanse schrijfster die vanaf 1903 in Parijs woonde.. De extraverte Gertrude Stein behoorde tot de cultfiguren van de kunst- en literatuurscene van haar tijd. He went first to Spain and then to Fribourg, Switzerland, where he lived under an assumed name and, under the protection of the Catholic Church, worked in schools. 7. Richard Chesnoff, “A Nazi Collaborator at the Met,” New York Daily News,April 29, 2012.3. Listing of writers and specific books which were censored by the Germans, with the complicity of French publishers, began with a “Liste Bernhard” in August 1940.10 Inclusion of a writer’s name on the “Liste OTTO” meant their books could not be sold and were to be removed from libraries. He published Stein’s Paris France in October 1941 (trans. Aside from being an avid collector and a supporter of arts, Gertrude Stein belonged to the first generation of individuals who lived openly gay.The writer explored the theme of sexuality throughout her writing; for instance, Steins’s essay Miss Furr and Miss Skeene was among the first homosexual revelation stories to be published, while the work Q.E.D. 7). The Cézanne was the only work she sold. Daughter of Daniel and Amelia Keyser Stein; life partner Alice B. Toklas. Jewish, female, homosexual, elderly (Stein was sixty-six in 1940), living in occupied France, Stein and Alice Toklas successfully escaped extermination. The translation of Pétain’s speeches has preoccupied Stein’s detractors in recent years; they have used it as the wedge (along with a clearly ironic remark about Hitler’s deserving the Nobel Peace Prize) to denounce her — the denunciation by extension extends to her literary works. From the time she moved to France in 1903 until her death in Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1946, American writer Gertrude Stein was a central figure in the Parisian art world. See also:Douglas Messerli:“Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Stone: on Janet Malcolm’s Two Lives,” Exploring Fictions (2011).“A Time Gone Mad” (on Wars I Have Seen), Exploring Fictions (2014, added Dec. 2014) (and all four of his war years essays). As Joan Retallack writes for this ironically titled dossier, Stein “was no fascist. They obtained a forty-eight hour pass to return to Paris to collect their passports, to gather winter clothing, to arrange for bank transfers, and to secure the paintings in their apartment at 5 rue Christine.1 When she arrived in Paris, Stein hastily arranged two meetings. It Gets Worse,” The Buzzflash Blog, September 12, 2011. Barbara Will, “The Strange Politics of Gertrude Stein,”, Gertrude Stein's war years: Setting the record straight, writes for this ironically titled dossier, Gertrude Stein Taunts Hiter in 1934 and 1945, ‘Courage to Be Courageous’: The Last Works and Days of Gertrude Stein. Dominique Saint-Pierre’s Gertrude Stein, le Bugey, la guerre: d’août 1924 à décembre 1944 (Bourg-en-Bresse, France: Musnier-Gilbert Éditions, 2009) is a meticulously researched account of Stein’s life in this region (once she rented the house in Bilignin, she usually left Paris in May and returned in October). 4. The two immediately bonded and remained lifelong partners until Stein’s death, with Alice serving as the doting wife, and later, keeper of the legacy. The magazine was edited in Vichy and in Algeria. The catalogue presents a nuanced view of literary life under the occupation. On January 1, 1944, de Hauke wrote Stein that Madame Cézanne was on his walls.15 Stein was not, as some detractors have stated, buying and selling art during the occupation. In numerous court documents Faÿ is credited with saving many “Israelites” — in particular Gertrude Stein, and his role in saving her art collection is also cited in several documents submitted to the court as proof of his loyalty to France and his willingness to help Jews. Gertrude Stein was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, on February 3, 1874, the youngest of five children of Daniel and Amelia Stein, her wealthy German-Jewish-American parents. Stein’s knowledge of the Gestapo raid on an orphanage in the village of Izieu, about twenty kilometers from Belley, and thirty kilometers from Culoz, in which forty-four Jewish children (ages four to seventeen) and their seven supervisors were seized and sent to death camps, was raised in response to Janet Malcolm’s second article about Stein and Toklas in The New Yorker. French officials were required to “collaborate” with their German counterparts. Stein, Gertrude (1874–1946)American novelist, poet, short-story writer, librettist, memoirist, and art collector whose house on the Left Bank of Paris became a salon for the "Lost Generation." Much has been made in recent years about Gertrude Stein and Alice Toklas remaining in France during World War II. 9. Thanks to Edward Burns, Joan Retallack, Susan Bee, Wanda Corn, and Marjorie Perloff. She participated in the life of the community, and she was considered one of their own. The deportation of Jews from France did not begin until March 27, 1942 when more than 1,000 people were transported by train to Auschwitz. While the Gestapo searched the apartment, the concierge sent her son down the street to alert Picasso. See also, 9. These lists are also reproduced in Fouché (291–347). Stein is among the list of Jewish authors, “Juedische Autoren, Écrivains Juifs,” writing in the French language whose works were banned. Charlot was a key figure in French letters, his career as a publisher and his courageous work during the occupation are detailed in Michel Puche’s Edmond Charlot, éditeur, Preface by Jules Roy (Pezenas, France: Domens, 1995). Stein’s other connection in Algiers was Edmond Charlot (1915-2004), a heroic defender of freedom and the owner of the bookstore Les Vraies Richesses, who also published books. Hunter Walker, “Local Politicians Get Met to ‘Disclose Gertrude Stein’s Nazi Past,’”, 14. After the Liberation, collaborationist authors were denounced and old scores were settle in trials which resulted in about 1,600 death sentences and 38,000 prison terms. Faÿ was a historian of the Eighteenth Century and a specialist in American intellectual history. The facts are there, but one wants to know more. From the beginning, and without pressure from the Germans, his regime enacted a series of measures openly hostile to Jews — particularly those of foreign birth who had become French citizens. All materials © and used with the permission of the authors. A law passed in Vichy on October 4, 1940, allowed the French police to arbitrarily arrest “any foreigner of the Jewish race.” At the end of 1940, French officials in the Occupied Zone took a census of Jews — the following year Jews in the Free Zone were subjected to the same census — which in essence meant registration. Alexander Nazaryan, “Gertrude Stein Exhibit at the Met Will Now Allude to Her Hitler-loving Past and Collaboration with Vichy Regime,”, 12. Neighbor did not talk to neighbor on the telephone fearful that conversations were being monitored. Edward Burns and Ulla E. Dydo, A letter to the editor, The Nation, December 5, 1987. Edith Stein was born in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland), Lower Silesia, into an observant Jewish family. Gertrude Stein, the youngest of a family of five children, was born on February 3, 1874, in Allegheny, Pennsylvania (merged with Pittsburgh in 1907) to well-educated German-Jewish parents, Daniel and Amelia Stein, Her father was a railroad executive whose investments in streetcar lines and real estate made the family wealthy. Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, introduction to Gertrude Stein’s Painted Lace and Other Pieces [1914–1937] (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955, Volume 5 of the Yale Edition of the Unpublished Writings of Gertrude Stein, ix–xviii, see particularly xvii–xviii). 5. We maintain the complete archive of Jacket magazine, founded and edited by John Tranter. This was clearly the case for Stein and Toklas.6 The second story, which helps to explain Stein’s ability to live out the war in France, is the story of her relationship with Bernard Faÿ, a friend since the 1920s. Why risk yourself among strangers. Madame d’Aiguy) in April 1944).12 Stein’s “Est Morte,” a translation of her “Is Dead,” appeared in Fontaine 27/28, a special number (June / July 1944) which celebrated writers and poets of the United States including Robert Frost, William Carlos Williams, Wallace Stevens, T. S. Eliot, Sara Teasdale, Robinson Jeffers, Conrad Aiken, Lola Ridge, Archibald MacLeish, Horace Gregory, Louise Bogan, Carl Sandburg, Allen Tate, E. E. Cummings, Hart Crane, Langston Hughes, Frederic Prokosch, Marianne Moore, James Agee, Kenneth Patchen, James Laughlin, and Vachel Lindsay. 9. 12. He came from a family of bankers and lawyers with Royalist and Catholic ties. So important was this issue considered as a sign of French-American solidarity, it was reissued by Max-Pol Fouchet after he moved to Paris in 1945. Stein and Toklas survived the Holocaust for one simple reason: Gertrude Stein was herself a major collaborator with the Vichy regime and a supporter of its pro-Nazi leadership. Stein’s contribution is an excerpt from her 1933 piece, “The War and Gertrude Stein,” in which the novelist and essayist writes from the point of view of her lover, Alice B. Tolkas. It Gets Worse. Gertrude Stein was the indisputable core of the "Lost Generation" of art and literature making her one of the most prominent figures in literary history. By the time the Germans had begun to sort out under whose authority the collection fell, the Paris insurrection had begun and the Germans had more important things to think about. The two page testimony was sent to the court on April 12, 1946. [Added to the dossier 5/31/12]Why the witch-hunt against Gertrude Stein? We just do not know how he proposed the project to her and what she knew about his motivation. Faÿ writes about his relationship with Stein in his memoir, Les Précieux (Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin, 1966). Stein’s poem “Ballade” (translated by the Baroness d’Aiguy) appeared in the same issue as Aragon’s Nymphée (it was the publication of this poem, a thinly disguised attack on the French and on Vichy, which resulted in the journal being temporarily banned). Michael Kimmelman, “Missionaries,” New York Review of Books, April 26, 2012. It was only after their arrival that they learned from Picasso and others that two Gestapo agents entered their apartment on July 19, 1944 with authorization to search for papers. Her failure to identify herself in her writings as Jewish has also entered the conversation. Stein first appeared in Fontaine in issue 11 (October / November 1940). The lesbian relationship between Gertrude and Alice was known by many of the local people; it does not seem to have mattered to most of them. Hunter Walker, “Local Politicians Get Met to ‘Disclose Gertrude Stein’s Nazi Past,’” Politicker.com, May 1, 2012.14. Sonia Melnikova-Raich, “Exhibit Leaves Out How Gertrude Stein Survived Holocaust,” JWeekly.Com, June 9, 2011.11. A happy Providence justified their confidence. Sonia Melnikova-Raich, “Exhibit Leaves Out How Gertrude Stein Survived Holocaust,”, 11. note: see, in the Stein dossier, Marion Van Renterghem, “Edmund Charlot, éditeur du monde libre,” in Le Monde, February 28, 1997 (The sign of true wealth, the adventure began in 1936, Algeria: A bookstore, a publishing house, a place of resistance, led by a man of daring, discoverer of Camus, Lorca, Gertrude Stein …): [pdf]. We maintain the complete archive of Jacket magazine, founded and edited by John Tranter. A version of this paper by Edward Burns, titled “So I Went on Looking at Pictures: Gertrude Stein’s Last Decade,” was delivered as part of Sundays at the Met, April 29, 2012, in conjunction with the exhibition The Steins Collect. It is a crucial work of scholarship, must reading for anyone interested in this topic. An advocate of the avant garde, Stein helped shape an artistic movement that demanded a novel form of expression and a conscious break with the past. The journal became the voice of resistance poetry in French North-Africa and drew the fire of Pierre Drieu la Rochelle who, in his position as the collaborationist editor of La Nouvelle revue française, wrote censors denouncing its contents. He was sentenced to life in prison at hard labor. Fouchet took over the journal Methra (founded in 1938 by Charles Autrand) and renamed it Fontaine. 287–90 for a facsimile of the list (in citing the lists I follow the French “Liste.”). Interestingly, it did not completely forbid publication in journals — or at least that was how the “Liste OTTO” was understood by the poet, René Tavernier (1915–1989) who published translations of some of Stein’s earlier works and some new works in his journal Confluences beginning in July 1942.11 Confluences had been founded in Lyon by Jacques Aubenque in July 1941. She was not, by any interpretation of the facts, a “major collaborator with the Vichy regime and a supporter of its pro-Nazi leadership,” as Alan Dershowitz has asserted in a May 1, 2012 posting, “Suppressing Ugly Truth for Beautiful Art.”19 In “Gertrude Stein: September 1942 to September 1944” in the Stein-Wilder letters, Ulla Dydo and I address the Lansing Warren interview with Stein which appeared in the New York Times Magazine of May 6, 1934, in which she said, “I say that Hitler ought to have the peace prize” (see Stein / Wilder, 414) and the denial by the Nobel Peace Prize Committee in Oslo that Stein nominated Hitler for the peace prize. The horror of the deportation only became widely known after the war. Born into a German-Jewish family, she spent the first part of her childhood in Europe learning several languages. Why the witch-hunt against Gertrude Stein? Stein — Jewish and gay, writing while the world was coming undone by warring nationalisms and gas chambers disbelonging human beings from life itself — observes: Their failure to return to the United States in 1939, and the discovery that Stein translated and wrote an introduction to a book of speeches by Marshal Pétain, has raised questions about her politics. Al Filreis hosts a discussion of Stein’s “Christian Bérard” with Lee Ann Brown, Bob Perelman, and Jerry Rothenberg in PoemTalk #10. Confluences was published from 1941 to 1943, and among the writers published in the journal were: Louis Aragon, Pierre Emmanuel, Paul Éluard, Henri Michaux, Françis Ponge, Robert Desnos, Max Jacob, Eugène Guillevic, Andre Frénaud, Jean Wahl, Louis Martin-Chauffier, Jean Paulhan, and Gabriel Marcel. See also Barbara Will, Unlikely Collaboration: Gertrude Stein, Bernard Faÿ, and the Vichy Dilemma (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), Janet Malcolm, Two Lives: Gertrude and Alice (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), and Antoine Compagnon, Le Cas Bernard Faÿ: du Collège de France à l’indignité nationale (Paris: Gallimard, 2009). 11. Renate Stendhal, “Was Gertrude Stein a Collaborator?” in The Los Angeles Review of Books, December 17, 2011; see also Stendhal’s blog and her article “Gertrude Stein, Hitler and Vichy-France: Process Notes” in Trivia: Voices of Feminism (2012). After Radcliffe, Stein enrolled in Johns Hopkins University School … By focusing exclusively on this aspect of Stein’s life, her detractors avoid confronting Stein’s published writings during the war. When push comes to shove, as it has, I read Stein’s war years as a survivor’s tale. Edward Burns, “Gertrude Stein: A Complex Itinerary.” Edward Burns and Ulla E. Dydo, Appendix IX (War Years: S eptember 1942–September 1944) in The Letters of Gertrude Stein and Thornton Wilder (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996). The story of her relationship with the people in and around Belley whom she had known since the mid-1920s when she first discovered this town in the valley of the Rhone and had spent summers in a local hotel until she rented a house in the nearby hamlet of Bilignin. Elsewhere in Jacket2, Joshua Schuster writes about “The Making of Tender Buttons,” and Rachel Galvin reviews Stanzas in Meditation: The Corrected Edition. As a child, she lived in Vienna, Austria, and Paris, France, but grew up mainly in Oakland, and San Francisco, California. That is something for which we can be grateful. Philip Kennicott, “Gertrude Stein in Full Form at the Portrait Gallery,” Washington Post, October 21, 2011.8. Cut off from the United States, and having used the money she had brought with her from Paris in 1939, Stein relied on the generosity of her neighbors Paul and Elena Genin. Faÿ was not charged with their deaths or being involved in their deaths; the specific charge against him was giving aid to the enemy between June 16, 1940 and the date of the liberation of Paris. Marshal Philippe Pétain, a leading military figure of World War I became head of this new French state in June 1940. In this position, Faÿ made frequent trips to Vichy and he became the eyes and ears for the Marshal in Paris. Why the witch-hunt against Gertrude Stein? All therefore whatsoever they bid you observe,that observe and do;but do not ye after their works: for they say, and do not.— Matthew 23:3. Her family settled in California and by … Messages et écrits 1934–1941. She was aware of the deportations, and she knew the reality of being in a combat zone when the nearby city of Chambéry was bombed on May 26, 1944, and reports of the dead began to filter in the area. They wanted to carry away with them only this picture and the portrait of Stein by Picasso, despite my protestations that they should take at least some small Picassos which would be very easy to wrap and would take up very little room. Les bibliothèques françaises sous l’Occupation (Paris: Gallimard, 2008). Reading Stein triggered that same sensation – a pleasurable, albeit slightly scary, feeling of being overwhelmed with a new work’s strangeness and difference. A sophisticated, modernist writer and the host of a famous weekly literary and artistic salon, Gertrude Stein was a large and formidable woman who, just as Picasso depicted her, habitually wore a brown velvet suit. She became known for her experimental poetry — sometimes even referred to as cubist poetry. No more images induced with elements alien to their own nature; enough of metaphors, the indecisive second term of trivial identifications; enough of the elegiac excrement of a man with the face of a duck. Others connected with the journal were Marc Beigbeder, Marc Barbezat, Auguste Anglès, Alain Borne, and Georges Lorris. Stein spent her infancy in Vienna and in Passy, France, and her girlhood in Oakland, Calif. She entered the On June 11, 1940, Stein and Toklas received permission to spend eight days in Bordeaux. His trial was held from November 29 to December 6, 1946. Stein’s Introduction is printed in full in Burns and Dydo, eds. Under the armistice, all French territory was technically subject to Vichy’s laws, so long as those laws remained consistent with German regulations in the Occupied Zone. 14. Renate Stendhal (June 4, 2013)Václav Paris, “Gertrude Stein’s Translations of Speeches by Philippe Petain” [Added to dossier 5/6/13]Leon Katz, “A response to “Gertrude Stein's Translations of Speeches by Philippe Petain” [Added to dossier 5/10/13)•Supplement, May 2017:Charles Bernstein, “Gertrude and Alice in Vichyland”•Supplement, July 2018:Logan Esdale, “Barbara Will, unliking Stein, and scholarly malpractice”•Supplement, January 2019:Solveig Daugaard, “Stein’s propagandistic potential”. Picasso immediately telephoned to Faÿ at his office in the Bibliothèque Nationale. Did You Know Gertrude Stein Nominated Adolf Hitler for a Nobel Prize in 1938? On February 7, 1942 Faÿ wrote Stein that he had talked to the Marshal about the proposed translation and that he was pleased with the idea.7 Stein must have worked quickly, because on February 20, 1942, when he was in Vichy, Faÿ sent her Introduction to be reviewed by Dr. Bernard Ménétrel, the Marshal’s private secretary. Like other literary journals published during the occupation Marc Barbezat’s L’Arbalète (The Cross-Bow) faced intense scrutiny by censors. The pictures left in Paris survived.” Before he left, Kahnweiler wrapped some of the larger paintings and placed them on the floor; others were covered and stored in cupboards.2 The second person Stein saw during this hurried trip to Paris was her friend Bernard Faÿ. NYRB declined to print a letter in response by Retallack, Bernstein, and Burns, instead including a response by Kimmelman (July 12) that included this URL of this dossier. , charged with crimes and deported, see particularly 624 ) materials and! Hunter Walker, “ Gertrude Stein and Alice, 182–84 were placed in Drancy, a letter to the town. Librairie Académique Perrin, 1966 ) book Picasso Exhibit Leaves Out how Gertrude Stein and Alice B.,! By Barbezat and printed in an e-mail from a family of bankers and lawyers with Royalist and Catholic.! 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