They collected revenue for the royal government, payable to the Shwedaik (Royal Treasury) in fixed instalments and retained whatever was left over. Wingfield, David Jason 9781591980445 1591980445 Following Directions Grades 5-6, Linda Schwartz, Mark Mason 9783631551646 3631551649 Nonprofit Organizations Facing Competition - The Application of United States, European and … It led to, amongst other things, Burma's first proper state histories. Although the king refused to consider his demand, he was anxious to resume trade as he was in urgent need of munitions. Even captured French soldiers, led by Chevalier Milard, were forced into the Burmese army. The Crown Prince was invested, received appenages and insignias, and was bestowed a multitude of gifts. Konbaung monarchs were also faced with the historical threat of periodic raids and internal rebellions, as well as with invasion and imposition of overlordship from the neighboring kingdoms of the Mon, Tai Shans and Manipuris.[13]. During Thingyan, a group of 8 Brahmins sprinkled water blessed by a group of 8 Buddhist monks, throughout the palace grounds, at the Hluttaw, various courts, the major city gates, and the 4 corners of the capital. His young brother Crown Prince Ka Naung proved to be a great administrator and modernizer. They were encouraged to marry into the host community thus enriching the gene pool as well. King Mindon himself escaped violence in an extraordinary manner, which the Burmese regarded as a sign of his hpon (karma, a sum of past good deeds that affect one's present life). Afterward, the Crown Prince was paraded to his new Palace, commiserate with his new rank. These capitals, Naypyidaws, were: Shwebo … Konbaung Dynasty: Shwebo: 29 February 1752 – 26 July 1760 8 years, 148 days [citation needed] Sagaing: 26 July 1760 – 23 July 1765 4 years, 362 days Ava: 23 July 1765 – 13 May 1783 17 years, 294 days Amarapura: 13 May 1783 – 22 November 1821 38 years, 193 days Ava: 22 November 1821 – 10 February 1842 20 years, 80 days At the closing of the ceremony, a feast ensued, with attendees fed in the order of precedence. Musical and dramatic performances and other feasts were also held in that complex. Additional offerings were made to the Hundred Phi (ပီတစ်ရာနတ်), a group of 100 Siamese spirits headed by Nandi (နန္ဒီနတ်သမီး), personified by a Brahmin figure made of kusa grass, which was ceremonially fed scoops of cooked rice with the left hand. At the ledawgyi, a specially designated plot of land, milk-white oxen were attached to royal ploughs covered with gold leaf, stood ready for ploughing by ministers, princes and the kings. Court Brahmins (ပုရောဟိတ်, parohita) were well embedded in daily life at the court, advising and consulting the king on various matters. The Burmese king Bagyidaw was very keen to conquer Siam and hoped Vietnam might be a useful ally. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article To appease his anger, the generals of Burmese army invaded the Indian kingdom of Manipur, an action which was regarded as a threat by the British.[6]. Specific buildings in the royal palace served as the venue for various life ceremonies. In September, 1760, two months into the seven-month siege, he received the British envoy Captain Walter Alves, whose mission was to demand reparations for the Negrais massacre of October 1759 and to wind up the affairs of the British East India Company. The defeat of King Thibaw in the Third Anglo-Burmese War in November 29, 1885, resulted in the total annexation of Burma by the British. Burma was forced to cede Arakan, Manipur, Assam and Tenasserim, and pay a large indemnity of one million pounds. With the opening of the Suez Canal, Mindon assembled a flotilla of steamers to facilitate trade with the British. Besides mercenaries and adventurers who had offered their services since the arrival of the Portuguese in the sixteenth century, a few Europeans served as ladies-in-waiting to the last queen Supayalat in Mandalay; a missionary established a school attended by Mindon's several sons, including the last king Thibaw; and an Armenian served as a king's minister at Amarapura. The Viceroy of Pegu was assisted by several additional officials, including an akhunwun (revenue officer), akaukwun (customs collector), and a yewun (conservator of port). He was proclaimed king after deposing his nephew Phaungkaza Maung Maung, son of his oldest brother Naungdawgyi, at Ava. "Bachelor Chambers," with Bye stemming from Mon blai ဗ္ကဲာ, "bachelor") served as the Privy Council by handling the court's internal affairs and also served as an interlocutor between the king and other royal agencies. An earthquake in 1838 left huge fissures in the structure. Before his burial, the King Mindon's body was laid in state before his throne at the Hmannandawgyi (Palace of Mirrors). Ablution rituals were the responsibility of a group of 8 elite Brahmins uniquely qualified to perform the ritual. At the local level, the myothugyi, hereditary local elites, administered the townships controlled by the kingdom. During his reign, relations with the British became increasingly strained. [7][1] The Governor of Tavoy revolted in 1791 with the aid of the Siamese, but a punitive expedition sent by Bodawpaya by sea laid siege, ending in peace negotiations in 1793 and the ceding of the Tenasserim coast to the Burmese.[7]. Although the ringleaders were put to death, Naugdawgyi spared his uncle and kept him a prisoner at Ava. Mindon also tried to reduce the tax burden by lowering the heavy income tax and created a property tax, as well as duties on foreign exports. The Konbaung rulers enacted harsh levies and had a difficult time fighting internal rebellions. He was in charge of the Royal Army, as was customarily required of Burmese crown princes, and he imported and manufactured guns, cannons and shells. Their laws are wise and pregnant with sound morality; their police is better regulated than in most European countries; their natural disposition is friendly, and hospitable to strangers; and their manners rather expressive of manly candor, than courteous dissimulation: the gradations of rank, and the respect due to station, are maintained with a scrupulosity which never relaxes. …Myanmar (Burma) and founded the Alaungpaya, or Konbaung, dynasty, which held power until the British annexed Upper (northern) Burma on Jan. 1, 1886. Some English prisoners were still in Burmese hands, and Alves had to make another journey to Ava in 1761-1762 for two men and property he had left behind. After a few weeks of fighting, Pagan’s chief minister Magwe Mingyi went over to Mindon’s side and Pagan Min abdicated on February 18, 1853, in favor of Mindon. The king and his queen had retired to a summer house in the palace gardens to await the British, with whom they intended to make peace. They are scattered throughout the former royal capitals of Mandalay Region, including Mandalay, Amarapura, and Inwa. However, the Burmese reign over Ayutthaya was brief; Taksin, an Ayutthaya general, drove out the Burmese, who had a conflict on another frontier in the north with the invading Chinese army of the Qing Dynasty, and were unable to sustain two wars simultaneously. He was born Aung Zeya (lit. Thenceforth peaceful and friendly relations prevailed between China and Burma for a long time. Bodawpaya was succeeded after his death in 1819 by his grandson Sagaing Min (Prince of Sagaing) who later became known as Bagyidaw (Burmese: ဘက္ရီးတော္; literally Royal Elder Uncle, July 23, 1784 - October 15, 1846). Afterward, another royal herald recited an inventory of presents offered by the dignitaries in attendance. Capitals: Shwebo, Sagaing, Ava, Amarapura, Mandalay Continent: Asia Official Languages: Burmese Established: 1752 AD/CE Disestablished: 1885 AD/CE History: The dynasty was heroically founded by a village chief, who later became known as Alaungpaya, in 1752 to challenge the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom which had just toppled the Taungoo dynasty. An expansionist dynasty, the Konbaung kings waged campaigns against Manipur, Arakan, Assam, the Mon kingdom of Pegu and the Siamese kingdom of Ayutthaya, establishing the Third Burmese Empire. These policies had the reverse effect of increasing the tax burden, as the local elites used the opportunity to enact new taxes without lowering the old ones; they were able to do so as control from the centre was weak. A small community of foreign scholars, missionaries and merchants also lived in Konbaung society. The traditional concept of kingship in Southeast Asia, according to which the Cakravartin Kings or 'Universal Monarchs' created their own Mandalas, or fields of power, within the Jambudipa universe; along with the possession of the white elephant, which allowed them to assume the title Hsinbyushin or Hsinbyumyashin ("Lord of the White Elephant/s"), played a significant role in motivating the expansionism of the Konbaung kings. On February 24, 1826, Bagyidaw signed the Treaty of Yandabo, ending the war[1] and ceding Arakan (now Rakhine) and Tenasserim (now Tanintharyi). Items used by the deceased personage (e.g. The wanton destruction wrought by the invading Burmese army at this time moved one Thai chronicler to comment that "the king of Hanthawaddy (Bayinnaung) waged war like a monarch, but the king of Ava (Hsinbyushin) like a robber".[5]. The ceremony was traditionally linked to an event in Gotama Buddha's life. The images, which stood 6 to 24 inches (150 to 610 mm) tall, were made of solid gold. The nearer Shan principalities adopted more lowland norms. Removed his capital to Ava, 27 th November 1764. He did not however succeed in returning Tenasserim, which was becoming more of a liability than an asset, at a desired price to the Burmese even when they were informed that the Siamese might bid for the coastal province which once belonged to them. [1][2]. Bodawpaya (literally "Royal Grandfather," March 11,1745 - June 5, 1819), the sixth king of the Konbaung Dynasty was the fourth son of Alaungpaya. King Hsinphyushin was furious at his generals who signed the treaty. He died before he could name a successor, and Thibaw, a lesser prince, was manoeuvred onto the throne by Hsinbyumashin, one of Mindon's queens, together with her daughter, Supayalat. During the Konbaung dynasty, Burmese society was highly stratified. Captives from various military campaigns were brought back to the kingdom by the hundreds and thousands, and resettled as hereditary servants to royalty and nobility or dedicated to pagodas and temples; these captives brought new knowledge and skills to Burmese society and enriched Burmese culture. 1.6 Definition of the Terms Used in the Research. One of his queens, Hsinbyumashin, dominated his last days of King Mindon. Besides mercenaries and adventurers who had offered their services since the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century, a few Europeans served as ladies-in-waiting to the last queen Supayalat in Mandalay, a missionary established a school attended by Mindon's several sons including the last king Thibaw, and an Armenian had served as a king's minister at Amarapura. His son and heir Phaungkaza Maung Maung was only two months old at the time. Moreover, the Shwedaik retained the state's archives and maintained various records, including detailed genealogies of hereditary officials and census reports. Next Talabaan, a Mon general of Pegu, who had enjoyed clemency at the hands of Alaungpaya and been sent to his native Martaban, rose up in a rebellion which was easily subdued. the Restored Toungoo Dynasty (1597 – 1792), which was based at Ava, began to disintegrate. A gigantic 90-ton bell dedicated to the stupa, called the Mingun Bell, was cast between 1808 and 1810. Twenty thousand captives were brought back to serve as slaves to pagodas and temples, along with the nobility of Amarapura. The most important features of this ritual were: the fetching of the anointing water; the ceremonial bath; the anointment; and the king's oath. Problems of succession frequently resulted in executions and massacres. The rulers of the Konbaung Dynasty took several wives who were ranked, with half-sisters of the king holding the most powerful positions. A number of bandit chiefs and local leaders, ambitious to take over the Toungoo throne, began to build their own power bases in the north. of Kon-baung Dynasty), III Vols, Yango n, Lai-di Man-daing Press, 1989, 253 - 257 (henceforth Maung Maung Tin, 1989 ) 13 Tin, U , Myanmar - min Ok Chok Pon Sa - … Alaungpaya, (Burmese: “The Victorious”) king (1752–60) who unified Myanmar (Burma) and founded the Alaungpaya, or Konbaung, dynasty, which held power until the British annexed Upper (northern) Burma on Jan. 1, 1886. Alaungpaya's second son, Hsinbyushin, came to the throne after a short reign by his elder brother, Naungdawgyi (1760–1763). With the Burmese preoccupied for another two decades by another impending invasion by the Chinese, the Siamese recovered their territories by 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Few, however are versed in more erudite volumes of science, which, containing many Shanscrit terms, and often written in Pali text, are (like the Hindoo Shasters) above the comprehension of the multitude; but the feudal system, which cherishes ignorance, and renders man the property of man, still operates as a check to civilization and improvement. Alaungpaya (reigned –) unified Myanmar and founded the Konbaung Dynasty, … 9781842433256 1842433253 Hugger Mugger, Robert B. Parker 9781846571855 1846571855 A Killing Frost - (Di Jack Frost Book 6), R.D. During such a move, the entire palace complex was taken down and transported on elephants to the chosen site. The oxen were decorated with gold and crimson bands, reins bedecked with rubies and diamonds, and heavy gold tassels hung from the gilded horns. His greatest achievement was in settling the dispute between Manipur and Burma over ownership of the Kabaw Valley in Ava's favor; the Manipuris had occupied the region since the war ended with the tacit approval of the Government of India, until Burney concluded from historical records that the Burmese claim was justified. Mindon attempted to bring Burma into greater contact with the outside world, and hosted the Fifth Great Buddhist Synod in 1872 at Mandalay, gaining the respect of the British and the admiration of his own people. At present so far from being in a state of intellectual darkness, although they have not explored the depths of science, or reached to excellence in the finer arts, they yet have an undeniable claim to the character of a civilized, and well instructed, people. A small community of foreign scholars, missionaries and merchants also lived in Konbaung society. They played an essential role in king-making rituals, consecration and ablution ceremonies called abhiseka (ဗိဿိတ်). Royal court officials at the time claimed that the tradition was dispensed altogether, with flowers and fruit offered in lieu of human victims. to ensure impregnability of the capital city. During such a move, the entire palace complex was taken down and transported on elephants to the chosen site. He then entered the Sihasana pavilion to assume his seat at the coronation throne, crafted to resemble a blooming lotus flower, made of figwood and applied gold leaf. The Konbaung tombs are a collection of mausoleums built by Konbaung Dynasty kings. The Konbaung rulers enacted harsh levies and had a difficult time fighting internal rebellions. Bodawpaya moved the royal capital back to Amarapura in 1782. Hsinbyume Pagoda (Mingun, Burma) - The pagoda was built in 1816 by Bagyidaw, seventh king of Konbaung dynasty of Burma. History Establishment. Usually, victims were selected from a spectrum of social classes, or unfortuitiously apprehended against will during the day of the sacrifice. It was meant to have stood 150 metres, tall enough to be seen from Shwebo in the west. The fall of Restored Hanthawaddy was the beginning of the end of Mon people's centuries-old dominance of Lower Burma. Images were only made for Konbaung kings at their death (if he died on the throne) or for Konbaung queens (if she died while her consort was on throne), but not of a king who died after deposition or a queen who survived her husband. Descendants of the youngest daughter of King Thibaw, Princess Myat Phaya Galay, continue to live in Myanmar today. One after another, members of the royal family of all ages and both genders were mercilessly executed, after being tricked into coming to visit the dying king on the pretext that he wanted to bid them farewell. The ceremony involved the feeding of betel, mixed with camphor and other ingredients. The outlying tributary fiefdoms on the edges of the kingdom were autonomous in practice and nominally administered by the king. People generally spoke of him favorably, and he did attempted to improve the state of the kingdom during his short reign.[4]. Flag of the Konbaung Dynasty 1752 AD/CE to 1885 AD/CE, Capitals: Shwebo, Sagaing, Ava, Amarapura, Mandalay. Konbaung tried to maintain its independence by balancing between the French and the British. Usage of hinthapada (ဟင်္သပဒါး), a vermilion dye made from cinnabar was regulated. Koryu dynasty n. a dynasty that ruled Korea from A.D. 935 to 1392. His successor, Major Henry Burney, won over the king with his charming personality and was able to establish the Residency. Muslim eunuchs from Arakan also served in the Konbaung court. In 1857, the crown inaugurated a full-fledged system of cash taxes and salaries, assisted by the country's first standardised silver coinage. 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