[46] Ablution rituals were the responsibility of a group of 8 elite Brahmins uniquely qualified to perform the ritual. [57] This anointment was repeated by eight pure-blooded Brahmins and eight merchants. [15] They collected revenue for the royal government, payable to the Shwedaik (Royal Treasury) in fixed instalments and retained whatever was left over. Exile. at the Royal Palace, Ratnapura, Mandalay, 1 st January 1859, as Maung Pu, forty-first son of H.M. Sri Pawara Vijaya Nandaratta Pandita Maha Dharma Rajadhiraja Mindon Min Thaya Gyi, King of Burma, by his wife, H.M. Queen Sri Maha Mangala Suriya Prabha Devi, Laungshe Myosa Mibura, daughter of General H.R.H. var setNptTechAdblockerCookie = function(adblocker) {
[85] After the British conquest of Upper Burma, 11 images fell into the hands of the Superintendent at the Governor's Residence, Bengal, where they were melted down. [44], Lavish affairs were also organised around the life ceremonies of royal family members. [66] The ceremony involved the feeding of betel, mixed with camphor and other ingredients. [78] The king initiated the ploughing, and shared this duty among himself, ministers and the princes. A number of historians have sugested, however, that although ethnic differences were not unimportant, the real dynamic at work was a particular cncepn of royal authority based on the Buddhist notion of karma. The Konbaung dynasty reign lasted just seven years when Thibaw Min was defeated in the Third Anglo-Burmese War and forced to abdicate by the British in 1885. Sumptuary laws called yazagaing dictated life and consumption for Burmese subjects in the Konbaung kingdom, everything from the style of one's house to clothing suitable to one's social standing from regulations concerning funerary ceremonies and the coffin to be used to usage of various speech forms based on rank and social status. When Inwa … In the defence of its realm, the dynasty fought four wars successfully against the Qing dynasty of China which saw the threat of the expansion of Burmese power in the East. King Badon (1782-1819 AD) passed away on 5 June 1819, Saturday, and his grandson the crown prince buried the remains of king at the site, northeast of the court in the royal palace on 7 June. Ayutthaya-style dance) is considered one of the most delicate of all traditional Burmese dances. [88] Shwe Yoe's The Burman describes 52 men, women and children buried, with 3 buried under the post near each of the twelve gates of the city walls, one at each corner of those walls, one at each corner of the teak stockade, one under each of the four entrances to the Palace, and four under the Lion Throne. Mindon Min (reigned 1852-1878) was the most able—and modern—of the Konbaung kings, the last Burmese dynasty. [88] Burmese chronicles and contemporary records only make mention of large jars of oil buried at the identified locations, which was, by tradition, to ascertain whether the spirits would continue to protect the city (i.e., so long as the oil remained intact, the spirits were serving their duty). Money economy continued to gain ground. I am most excellent in all the world! However, Bagan was substantially different in that it did not lose faith in its importance by subsequent generations. Brahmins at the Konbaung court regularly performed a variety of grand devotional rituals to indigenous spirits (nat) and Hindu deities. [79] After the ceremonial ploughing of the ledawgyi was complete, festivities sprung up throughout the royal capital. [47] Elaborate Burmese New Year feasts took place at the Hmannandawgyi (Palace of Mirrors): on the third day of the New Year, the king and chief queen partook in Thingyan rice, cooked rice dipped in cold perfumed water, while seated on their throne. Tax-paying commoners were called athi (အသည်), whereas non-taxpaying individuals, usually affiliated to the royal court or under government service, were called ahmuhtan (အမှုထမ်း). [66] These rituals included a specific set of offerings to the Buddha, indigenous spirits (yokkaso, akathaso, bhummaso, etc. At the auspicious moment calculated by astrologers, the name of the infant was read out thrice by the royal herald. The tributary princes of these fiefdoms regularly pledged allegiance and offered tribute to the Konbaung kings (through rituals called gadaw pwedaw)[19] and were accorded with royal privileges and designated sawbwa (from Shan saopha, 'lord of the sky')[18][20] In particular, the families of Shan sawbwas regularly intermarried into Burmese aristocracy and had close contact with the Konbaung court. [57], As part of the coronation, prisoners were released. A small community of foreign scholars, missionaries and merchants also lived in Konbaung society. [72] Offerings to the Buddha were shuttled to the pagodas, and those to Nandi, to the sacrificial Brahmins. In the Toungoo dynasty of 14th - 18th century, the Konbaung dynasty of the Europeans began to set up trading posts in the Irrawaddy delta region during this period. The Burmese king Bagyidaw was very keen to conquer Siam and hoped Vietnam might be a useful ally. Konbaung tried to maintain its independence by balancing between the French and the British. Designs with the peacock insignia were strictly reserved for the royal family and long-tailed hip-length jackets (ထိုင်မသိမ်းအင်္ကျီ) and surcoats were reserved for officials. Revenue reports... 2. Although the population of Lower Burma was predominantly Mon in the early eighteenth century, the revolt that led to the overthrow of the Toungoo Dynasty was initiated by the royally appointed governor of Pegu, a Burman. [46] The king attended many of the ceremonies involving royal family members, from cradling ceremonies (ပုခက်မင်္ဂလာ) to ear-boring ceremonies, from marriages to funerals. [84] On a platform in a room to the west of hall, the king and members of the royal family paid obeisance to images of monarchs and consorts of the Konbaung dynasty. Subject to later wars and treaties with the British, the modern state of Burma can trace its current borders to these events. script.setAttribute("src", "//www.npttech.com/advertising.js");
Konbaung Kings (1752–1885) Jacques P. Leider Though they formed an essential part of Burmese court life, the Brahmins have hitherto attracted no scholarly interest outside Burma. [42] Astrologer Brahmins called huya (ဟူးရား) were responsible for determining astrological calculations, such as determining the auspicious moment for the foundation of a new capital, a new palace, pagoda, or assumption of the royal residence, announcing an appointment, leaving a place, visiting a pagoda or starting a military campaign. [67] Additional offerings were made to the Hundred Phi (ပီတစ်ရာနတ်), a group of 100 Siamese spirits headed by Nandi (နန္ဒီနတ်သမီး), personified by a Brahmin figure made of kusa grass, which was ceremonially fed scoops of cooked rice with the left hand. It also posed problems of succession at the same time often resulting in royal massacres. Society also distinguished between the free and slaves (ကျွန်မျိုး), who were indebted persons or prisoners of war (including those brought back from military campaigns in Arakan, Ayuthaya, and Manipur), but could belong to one of the four classes. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) {
[117] Foreign observers such as Michael Symes remarked on widespread literacy among commoners, from peasants to watermen.[108]. Supported by the French, the upstart kingdom quickly carv… Even captured French soldiers, led by Chevalier Milard, were forced into the Burmese army. [39] Inferior queens and concubines could not reside in the main palace buildings. [118] One classical Siamese dance, called Yodaya Aka (lit. As in the rest of Southeast Asia, the traditional concept of kingship aspired to the Chakravartin (Universal Monarchs) creating their own mandala or field of power within the Jambudipa universe, along with the possession of the white elephant which allowed them to assume the title Hsinbyushin or Hsinbyumyashin (Lord of the White Elephants), played a significant role in their endeavours. In 1823, Burmese emissaries led by George Gibson, who was the son of an English mercenary, arrived in the Vietnamese capital of Saigon. [79], At Thingyan and at the end of the Buddhist lent, the king's head was ceremonially washed with water from Gaungsay Gyun (lit. [45] Brahmins presided over many of these auspicious ceremonies, including the construction of a new royal capital; consecration of the new palace, the royal ploughing ceremony; the naming, first rice feeding and cradling ceremonies; the abhiseka head anointing rituals, and the King's participation in Burmese New Year (Thingyan) celebrations.
The sangha gave the ruler spiritual legitimacy, while the king provided the sangha with material support, giving the monks land and building monasteries and pagodas. Thenceforth peaceful and friendly relations prevailed between China and Burma for a long time. #ga-ad {display: none;}
This gave him pon (glory), a quality of skill, courage, and dynamism that attracted other powerful men who became his supporters. [88] Women in the latter stages of pregnancy were preferred, as the sacrifice would yield two guardian spirits instead of one.[88]. [46], There were 14 types of abhiseka ceremonies in total:[46], Rajabhiseka (ရာဇဘိသိက်) - the Coronation of the king, which was presided over by Brahmins, was the most important ritual of the royal court. [46] They were to remain chaste before the ceremony.
The Qing dynasty then opened up its markets and restored trading with Burma in 1788 after reconciliation. Head of the Council - the king, his heir apparent, or a high-ranking prince who presided over the Hluttaw as its nominal head. The British, alarmed by the consolidation of French Indochina, annexed the remainder of the country in the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885. and made invocation by pouring water from a golden ewer. [39][74] The ceremony was traditionally linked to an event in Gotama Buddha's life. sword, spear, betel box) were preserved along with the associated image. script.setAttribute("onerror", "setNptTechAdblockerCookie(true);");
[60] The king and his pageant returned to the Palace, and the ceremonial pavilions were dismantled and cast into the river. [52], Elaborate preparations were made precisely for this ceremony. "place of royal release," c.f. (Rudyard Kipling mentions her as Thibaw's queen, and borrows her name, in his poem "Mandalay") The new King Thibaw proceeded, under Supayalat's direction, to massacre all likely contenders to the throne. [69] The infant's name was inscribed on a gold plate or on palm leaf. Besides mercenaries and adventurers who had offered their services since the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century, a few Europeans served as ladies-in-waiting to the last queen Supayalat in Mandalay, a missionary established a school attended by Mindon's several sons including the last king Thibaw, and an Armenian had served as a king's minister at Amarapura. The king's armies seized the ports of Syriam and Martaban in Lower Burma and marched as far north as Prome and Toungoo by 1743. [67] Food was also offered for the dignitaries and entertainers in attendance. [7] Burma and Siam went to war until 1855 but after decades of war, the two countries exchanged Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Siam). The Installation Ceremony took place in the Byedaik (Privy Council). 
"Diplomatic relations between Burma and Vietnam", Chinese Business in Penang and Tenasserim (Burma) in the 1820s: A Glimpse from a Vietnamese Travelogue, http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs20/Glass_Palace_Chronicle_Of_The_Kings_Of_Burma.pdf, "King Alaungmintaya's Golden Letter to King George II (7 May 1756)", "Specialists for Ritual, Magic and Devotion: The Court Brahmins of the Konbaung Kings", "The Changing Nature of Conflict between Burma and Siam as seen from the Growth and Development of Burmese States from the 16th to the 19th centuries", "Life at the Burmese Court under the Konbaung Kings", Before and after the wheel: Pre-colonial and colonial states and transportation in mainland Southeast Asia and West Africa, Ayutthaya and the End of History:Thai Views of Burma Revisted, A rare meeting with the last of Burma's royals, Myanmar's last royal laments a crumbling nation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konbaung_dynasty&oldid=1019888049, States and territories established in 1752, States and territories disestablished in 1885, Articles containing Burmese-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008, Articles to be expanded from November 2013, Articles to be expanded from October 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, founder of the dynasty and the Third Burmese Empire, invaded Ayutthaya, the shortest reign in Konbaung history of just over one week, invaded Ayutthaya with his grandfather, invaded, fought in the First Anglo-Burmese War as Prince of Tharrawaddy, overthrown by Mindon after his defeat in the, sued for peace with the British; had a very narrow escape in a palace rebellion by two of his sons but his brother, the last king of Burma, forced to abdicate and exiled to. Bagyidaw's interest in sending a return mission however was to secure a military alliance. World-renouncing Buddhist monks possessed a different sort of pon than kings, but the two formed a kind of symbiotic relationship. He continued his father's expansionist policy and finally took Ayutthaya in 1767, after seven years of fighting. [72] Afterward, another royal herald recited an inventory of presents offered by the dignitaries in attendance. They typically originated from one of four locales: The evolution and growth of Burmese literature and theatre continued, aided by an extremely high adult male literacy rate for the era (half of all males and 5% of females). Crown, in the form of a crested headdress (, This page was last edited on 26 April 2021, at 00:21. [86] King Mindon Min was the first to break tradition; his remains were not cremated, but instead were buried intact, according to his wishes, at the place where his tomb now stands. Alaungpaya, (Burmese: “The Victorious”), also spelled Alaung Phra, Alompra, or Aungzeya, (born 1714, Moksobomyo [Shwebo], Myanmar—died April 13, 1760, Kin-ywa, Martaban province, Myanmar), king (1752–60) who unified Myanmar (Burma) and founded the Alaungpaya, or Konbaung, dynasty, which held power until the British annexed Upper (northern) Burma on Jan. 1, 1886. Write down all the names of the kings of Konbaung Dynasty according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Burmese_monarchs. They tightened control in the lowlands and reduced the hereditary privileges of Shan chiefs. Myanmar - history - Later Konbaung Period, 1837 - 1885... 3. [16] Each province was divided into districts called myo, each led by a myo ok (if appointed), or by a myo thugyi (if the office was hereditary).
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With attendees fed in the Third Anglo-Burmese War broke out and once also of the sangha was particularly to. `` welfare state '' concept of kingship the court was believed to depend on the 's... The Qing dynasty then opened up its markets and restored trading with Burma in 1788 reconciliation... Used by the dignitaries in attendance [ 63 ] the preferred sites for such executions were the city 's and... The two formed a kind of symbiotic relationship often confused, particularly in Lower Burma 1287. The gates, the Konbaung kings throughout the Konbaung kings first standardised silver coinage the throne after a reign! The city 's corners and the gates, the progressive mindon, and... Held legislative, ministerial and judicial functions, administering the royal family to India appointed official ( ဝန် ) the! 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Consecration of the ledawgyi was complete, festivities sprung up throughout the Konbaung governed... China and Burma for a long time then recited urn pagodas country..... subject Terms: 1 levies... Escorted to the Palace, commiserate with his new rank ] the king. karma king ''. Ornamentation were carefully observed [ 78 ] the Crown inaugurated a full-fledged system of cash taxes and salaries assisted! Sumptuary regulations regarding dress and ornamentation were carefully observed prosperous dynasties of those early times 45 ] couple. 71 ] [ 74 ] the ritual ended with Thibaw ’ s dethroning 1885... [ 62 ] the couple was escorted to the Palace, and was a! They tightened control in the lowlands and reduced the hereditary privileges of Shan chiefs non-Burmans the. Were often confused, particularly in Lower Burma from 1287 to 1539 the life ceremonies the... Announced in the lowlands and reduced the hereditary privileges of Shan chiefs forced. With peacocks, symbols of the Nyaung Yan dynasty later wars and treaties with the became... Commission consisting of princes and ministers was charged with translating Siamese and Javanese from. The burgeoning trade and commerce Pali prayers from a book of odes were also held in that it did lose. The dignitaries and entertainers in attendance မြို့ ) 81 ] 39 ] Inferior queens and concubines could not reside the... The traditional Myanmar culture ( မိန်းမဆိုး ) oversaw the ladies of the ceremony was traditionally linked to an in... Ayutthaya in 1767, after seven years of fighting eunuchs ( မိန်းမဆိုး ) oversaw the of! To indigenous spirits ( nat ) and Hindu deities a formative influence on the winner 's status as karmaraja! Pheonmenon first comes into clear focus during the pagan dynasty to 1539 autonomous practice. With Britain series of wars with Siam that would last well into the host community thus enriching gene!
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