310 of 10 August 1962 with effect from 1 September 1962. In South West Africa, Ovamboland, Kavangoland, and East Caprivi were declared to be self-governing with a handful of other ostensible homelands never being given autonomy. 3769 of 26 January 1973. 2713. Venda was declared a self-governing territory within the Republic of South Africa with effect from 1 February 1973 in accordance with the provisions of the Bantu Homelands Constitution Act 21 of 1971, by Proclamation No. The Bantustans were generally poor, with few local employment opportunities. The Government established ten Bantustans in South Africa, and ten in neighbouring South West Africa (then under South African administration), for the purpose of concentrating the members of designated ethnic groups, thus making each of those territories ethnically homogeneous as the basis for creating autonomous nation states for South Africa's different black ethnic groups. What were pass laws in South Africa? The Territorial Authority was inaugurated on 23 April 1976. Shortly thereafter, the name of this soon-to-be Territorial Authority was changed to Basotho ba Borwa. Federalist plans also met with support from some homeland governments and parties, most importantly the Inkatha Freedom Party, which was the ruling party of KwaZulu. Other Bantustans (like KwaZulu, Lebowa, and QwaQwa) were assigned 'autonomy' but never granted 'independence'. But since especially the African National Congress made it clear that the principles of "one man - one vote" and a unitary state were non-negotiable, (con-)federal schemes were eventually dropped. The following table shows the time-frame of the institutional and legal development of the ten South African Bantustans in light of the above-mentioned four major steps: In parallel with the creation of the homelands, South Africa's black population was subjected to a massive programme of forced relocation. So what were Bantustans? In post-apartheid South Africa he has served as president of the Inkatha Freedom Party and Minister of Home Affairs. Bophuthatswana also possessed deposits of platinum, and other natural resources, which made it the wealthiest of the Bantustans. However, some opportunities did exist for advancement for blacks and some advances in education and infrastructure were made. D. The territories where South African tribal groups had originally lived. Devraj, Ranjit. [1], The term was first used in the late 1940s and was coined from Bantu (meaning people in some of the Bantu languages) and -stan (a suffix meaning land in the Persian language and some Persian-influenced languages of western, central, and southern Asia). 2377 of 2 May 1969. The homelands were run by cooperative tribal leaders, while uncooperative chiefs were forcibly deposed. R.168 in SA Government Gazette No. Nevertheless, many leaders of former Bantustans or Homelands have had a role in South African politics since their abolition. A Bantustan (also known as a Bantu homeland, black homeland, black state, or simply homeland) was a territory set aside for South Africa's black inhabitants during apartheid. 3 of 1994, text available online at, All Bantustans (both nominally independent and self-governing) were dismantled and their territories reincorporated into South Africa with effect from 27 April 1994, in terms of. On 20 March 1990, one day before Namibia finally became independent on 21 March, Rehoboth unilaterally declared its independence from Namibia: An Advisory Council had been in existence since 1970: The Damara council established in 1977 was the first institution to receive the title "Representative Authority", already before this designation was introduced in 1980 under the new ethnic second-tier government system also for the other population groups: Representative Authority of the Damaras Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. The African (Bantu) groups were separated into homelands, or Bantustans, consigned there to become separate ‘nations’. KaNgwane was established as a self-governing territory within the Republic in accordance with the provisions of the National States Constitution Act 21 of 1971, by Proclamation No. In the period leading up to the elections in 1994, several leaders in the independent and self-governing homelands (e.g. The homeland of Transkei served in many regards as a "testing ground" for apartheid policies; its institutional development started already before the 1959 act, and its attainment of self-government and independence were therefore implemented earlier than for the other homelands. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 14 of 1980), Representative Authority of the Ovambos Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. The Bantustans were generally poor, with few local employment opportunities. Furthermore, the urban (and rural) residential areas remained segregated based on race in accordance with the Group Areas Act. [74] The Basters lobbied unsuccessfully to maintain the autonomous status of Rehoboth, which had previously been autonomous under German rule. There are some 18 million people living in the former “independent” and “self-governing bantustans” which were reincorporated into the nine new provinces following the democratic transition in 1994. [63], Beginning in 1968,[64][65] following the 1964 recommendations of the commission headed by Fox Odendaal, ten homelands similar to those in South Africa were established in South West Africa (present-day Namibia). British colonial administrations in the 19th century, and subsequent South African governments, had established "reserves" in 1913 and 1936, with the intention of segregating black South Africans from whites. In South Africa, pass laws were a form of internal passport system designed to segregate the population, manage urbanization, and allocate migrant labor. 6666 of 21 April 1961 with effect from 1 May 1961. The Ciskeian Legislative Assembly was established with effect from 1 June 1971 by Proclamation No. Venda was granted "independence" by the Status of Venda Act 107 of 1979 with effect from 13 September 1979. [104][105][106] The Oslo enclave/bantustan arrangement was explicitly intended to be temporary with Area C (the rest of the West Bank) to "be gradually transferred to Palestinian jurisdiction" by 1997; no such transfers were made. This greatly decreased these states ability to govern and made them very reliant on the South African government. The Tswana Territorial Authority was established in terms of the Bantu Authorities Act No. Those who would lead the Bantustans and the "new" South Africa were … By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. 370 of 9 November 1962 with effect from 1 December 1962. 3083 of 30 April 1971. 3436 of 30 March 1972. R.70, 1972 in SA Government Gazette No. They have never had any formal political dependence on South Africa and were recognised as sovereign states by the international community from the time they were granted their independence by the UK in the 1960s. a group of non-contiguous areas surrounded, divided, and, ultimately, controlled by Israel;[100][101] as has the more recent Trump peace plan. In Ciskei, South African security forces had to intervene in March 1994 to defuse a political crisis. R.113 in SA Government Gazette No. It was also contemplated in circles of the ruling National Party to create additional nominally independent entities in the urban areas in the form of "independent" black "city states". The former Bantustan and province organizational structure was dissolved, and nine new South African provinces were created in their place. The homelands were encouraged to opt for independence, as this would greatly reduce the number of black citizens of South Africa. Many individuals assigned to homelands did not live in or originate from the homelands to which they were assigned, and the division into designated ethnic groups often took place on an arbitrary basis, particularly in the case of people of mixed ethnic ancestry. "[110], In South Asia, the Sinhalese government of Sri Lanka has been accused of turning Tamil areas into "bantustans". However, during the 1970s the need for better-trained Black workers resulted in the opening of high schools in Soweto , outside Johannesburg . For that matter it has never been really submitted to or approved of by the Whites. The South African government, lobbied for their recognition. 8 of 1980), Representative Authority of the Whites Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. Moreover, it was envisaged that by separating each ethnic group and confining people by law to their restricted areas, discrimination by race would automatically disappear. The Machangana Legislative Assembly was established with effect from 1 July 1971, by Proclamation No. In the former Bantustan of East Caprivi, Lozi nationalists launched an unsuccessful insurgency in an attempt to gain independence from Namibia which lasted until 1999. The legal framework between 1968 and 1980 of "separate development" (from the establishment of territorial authorities, legislative assemblies, to the granting of self-government and eventual "independence") for the homelands in South West Africa, closely following the model in South Africa proper, was laid down in the Development of Self-Government for Native Nations in South-West Africa Act, 1968 (Act No. 2092 of 12 June 1968. [66][67][68][69], In July 1980[70] the system was changed to one of separate governments ("representative authorities") as second-tier administrative units (responsible for a number of affairs like land tenure, agriculture, education up to the level of primary school teachers' training, health services, and social welfare and pensions) on the basis of ethnicity only and no longer based on geographically defined areas. In theory, self-governing Bantustans had control over many aspects of their internal functioning but were not yet sovereign nations. Bantubonke Holomisa, who was a general in the homeland of Transkei from 1987, has served as the president of the United Democratic Movement since 1997. Until 1990, attempts continued to urge self-governing homelands to opt for independence (e.g. 5742 of 16 September 1977. Bantustans were rooted in Land Acts promulgated in 1913 and 1936, which defined a number of scattered areas as “native reserves” for Blacks. 47 of 1980), "The Bushmen were excluded because they had evinced no interest in having a governing authority. About 13% of the South Africa’s land was set aside for these homelands. Later, the Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970 defined Blacks living throughout South Africa as legal citizens of the homelands designated for their particular ethnic groups—thereby stripping them of their South African citizenship and their few remaining civil and political rights. It has been estimated that 3.5 million people were forced from their homes from the 1960s through the 1980s, many being resettled in the Bantustans. 6656 of 24 March 1961 with effect from 1 April 1961. In 1951, the government of Daniel François Malan introduced the Bantu Authorities Act to establish "homelands" allocated to the country's black ethnic groups. There is no real parallel with the Nationalists' proposals, for (a) India and Pakistan constitute two completely separate and politically independent States, (b) Muslims enjoy equal rights in India; Hindus enjoy equal rights in Pakistan, (c) Partition was submitted to and approved by both parties, or at any rate fairly widespread and Influential sections of each. The patchwork map attached to Trump’s plan is a striking reminder of South Africa’s “Bantustans.” During apartheid, 10 self-governed territories were created within the country’s borders: four of them were nominally independent, and the others were semi-autonomous. However, the true intention of this policy was to fulfill Verwoerd's original plan to make South Africa's blacks nationals of the homelands rather than of South Africa—thus removing the few rights they still had as citizens. They had a flag, coat of arms, … [Afrik.,=apartness], system of racial segregation peculiar to the Republic of South Africa, the legal basis of which was largely repealed in 1991–92. It would have been bloody. Because of internal strife among different Herero groups, no unified institutions were established for the Herero people before 1980. The solution envisaged by South Africa—the Odendaal Plan—was to separate the white and the non-white population, grant self-government to the isolated black territories, and thus make Whites the majority population in the vast remainder of the country. 35 of 1980). Bantustans were organized on the basis of ethnic and linguistic groupings defined by white ethnographers; e.g., KwaZulu was the designated homeland of the Zulu people, and Transkei and Ciskei were designated for the Xhosa people. 3 of 1994, Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 as of 27 April 1994, Sri Lanka: The National Question and the Tamil Liberation Struggle, "A call to justice (2) By Bishop Matthew Hassan Kukah - Blueprint", "35: Walling in People Walling out Sovereignty", ITAN: Integrated Territorial Analysis of the Neighbourhoods. This provided a lucrative source of income for the South African elite, who constructed megaresorts such as Sun City in the homeland of Bophuthatswana. A Bantustan (also known as a Bantu homeland, black homeland, black state, or simply homeland) was a territory set aside for South Africa's black inhabitants during apartheid.Ten Bantustans were established in South Africa and ten more in South-West Africa (now Namibia), with the goal of creating nation states for the black tribes of Africa. 29 of 1980), Representative Authority of the Namas Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. A Bantustans was a territory set aside for black inhabitants of South Africa and West Africa. Mangosuthu Buthelezi was chief minister of his KwaZulu homeland from 1976 until 1994. [113], In Nigeria, Catholic bishop Matthew Hassan Kukah has referred to southern Kaduna State as "one huge Bantustan of government neglect. However, all bantustans were predominantly rural and excluded major towns. 3110 of 21 May 1971. At the beginning of 1969, plans were published to unite the existing Southern Sotho tribal authorities into a homeland under the name of KwaKwa. In the chillingly euphemistic language of apartheid, the Bantustans became dumping grounds for “surplus people.”. The name "Machangana" was substituted for "Matshangana" by Proclamation No. They were like smaller countries within a larger sub-continent. In reality, Bantustans were vast slum areas without industry or fertile soil for agriculture. Norman, Kajsa. The Tswana Legislative Assembly was established with effect from 1 May 1971, in terms of the Bantu Homelands Constitution Act No. The Bantustans were created by the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959, which abolished indirect representation of blacks in Pretoria and divided Africans into ten ethnically discrete groups, each assigned a traditional “homeland.” [107][108][109] The creation of this arrangement has been called "the most outstanding geopolitical occurrence of the past quarter century. "[114], Territory set aside for black inhabitants of South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia), as part of the policy of apartheid, Homelands (until 1980) / Representative Authorities (1980–1989/1990), Their single most important home-grown source of revenue was the provision of, Susan Mathieson and David Atwell, "Between Ethnicity and Nationhood: Shaka Day and the Struggle over Zuluness in post-Apartheid South Africa" in. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). South Africa subsequently adopted a constitution that abolished apartheid, and in 1994 all 10 Bantustans were reincorporated into South Africa, with full citizenship rights granted to their residents. Throughout the existence of the independent Bantustans, South Africa remained the only country to recognise their independence. 21 of 1971, by Proclamation No. Partition has never been approved of by Africans and never will be. This "confederation" would include the so-called "common area"—meaning the bulk of South African territory outside of the homelands—under continued white-minority rule and limited power-sharing arrangements with the segregated Coloured and Indian/Asian population groups, the independent and self-governing homelands as well as possible additional black entities in urban areas. R.12 in SA Government Gazette No. [3] As Nelson Mandela explained in a 1959 article: The newspapers have christened the Nationalists' plan as one for "Bantustans". With the demise of the apartheid regime in South Africa in 1994, all Bantustans (both nominally independent and self-governing) were dismantled and their territories reincorporated into the Republic of South Africa with effect from 27 April 1994 (the day on which the Interim Constitution, which formally ended apartheid, came into force and the first democratic elections began) in terms of section 1(2) and Schedule 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 ("Interim Constitution").[61]. [53] Each TBVC state extended recognition to the other independent Bantustans while South Africa showed its commitment to the notion of TBVC sovereignty by building embassies in the TBVC capitals. [111] The term has also been used to refer to the living conditions of Dalits in India. The Tswana Territorial Authority was declared a self-governing territory within the Republic, under the new name Bophuthatswana, in accordance with the provisions of the Bantu Homelands Constitution Act No. New questions in History HELP BRAINLY Match the vocabulary term with its meaning. The Status of Bophuthatswana Act 89 of 1977 granted Bophuthatswana "independence" with effect from 6 December 1977. Oupa Gqozo, the last ruler of Ciskei, entered his African Democratic Movement in the 1994 elections but was unsuccessful. Self-government in terms of the pre-1980 homelands system was provided for in the Rehoboth Self-Government Act, 1976 (Act No. It was hoping to "pacify" the black urban population by developing various plans to confer upon them limited rights at the local level (but not the upper levels of government). The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970 made every black South African, irrespective of actual residence, a citizen of one of the Bantustans, thereby excluding blacks from the South African body. 56 of 1976), but was only partially implemented before 1980. The Transkeian Territorial Authority was established to replace the United Transkeian Territories General Council, by Proclamation No. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Plans were made (of which only very few were realised) for the development of different "joint" institutions charged with mutual consultation, deliberation and a number of executive functions in relation to "general affairs" common to all population groups, insofar as these institutions would pose no threat to apartheid and the preservation of overall white rule. The government departments of the Venda Territorial Authority were established by Proclamation No. 68 of 1951 by Government Notice No. The KwaNdebele Legislative Assembly was established with effect from 1 October 1979, by Proclamation No. The Bantustans – or “Bantu Homelands” in the official parlance – were unanimously condemned by the anti-apartheid movements as a cynical attempt to try sell the segregationist project to the black population. C. The borders of the Cape Colony and Boer Republics. Bantustan executive bodies were nominally responsible to legislative assemblies that were partly elected, but internal coups brought military regimes to power in some cases. Although white farmers close to the Bantustan borders transported Black workers to and from their farms on a daily basis, meaningful economic development in and around the Bantustans never materialized. 5600 of 23 December 1955. The Dikwankwetla Party, which ruled Qwaqwa, remains a force in the Maluti a Phofung council where it is the largest opposition party. They do not envisage equal rights, or any rights at all, for Africans outside the reserves. However, the homelands were only kept afloat by massive subsidies from the South African government; for instance, by 1985 in Transkei, 85% of the homeland's income came from direct transfer payments from Pretoria. 2. 2177 of 9 March 1934. The term "Bantustan" for these Bantu homelands was intended to draw a parallel with the creation of Pakistan and India ("Hindustan"), which had taken place just a few months prior at the end of 1947, and was coined by supporters of the policy. Into the laager. 2 of 1994 and the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, No. Poverty remained acute in the Bantustans, and child mortality rates were extremely high. The original hope of the designers of the Bantustan system was that industries would be established along the Bantustan borders to utilize the cheap labour available nearby, but for the most part these hopes went unrealized. 56 of 1976). The chief of Hereroland West, Clemens Kapuuo, claimed to be the paramount chief of all Hereros since 1970, but this claim was not recognized by the other Herero groups: Representative Authority of the Hereros Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. From 1994, most parts of the country were constitutionally redivided into new provinces. The Ciskeian General Council was disestablished with effect from 1 January 1956, by Proclamation No. Ten Bantustans were established in South Africa and ten more in South-West Africa (now Namibia), with the goal of creating nation states for the black tribes of Africa. Also known as “homelands” in official parlance, the bantustans were set up in an attempt to legitimize the apartheid project and to deprive black South Africans of their citizenship by creating ten parallel “countries”, corresponding to state designated ethnic group. R.156 in SA Government Gazette No. The homelands are listed below with the ethnic group for which each homeland was designated. 279 in SA Government Gazette No. ", Kaokoland was very scarcely populated and greatly affected by the struggle for independence of Namibia, and most specifically by the so-called ", "The Tamil areas were on the one hand colonised, and on the other, by a policy of "benign neglect", turned into a backyard bantustan.". Their working conditions were often equally poor, as they were denied any significant rights or protections in South Africa proper. R.141 in SA Government Gazette No. R.1864 in SA Government Gazette No. High schools were initially concentrated in the Bantustans, reserves that the government intended as homelands for Black South Africans. R.15 in SA Government Gazette No. R. 214 in SA Government Gazette No. [56] In general, the leaders of the Bantustans, despite their overall collaboration and often collusion with the apartheid regime, did not shy away from occasionally attacking the South African government's racial policies and calling for the repeal or softening of apartheid laws (most of which were repealed in nominally independent states). 21 of 1971, by Proclamation No. Once workers’ contracts had expired or they became too old to work, however, they were deported back to the Bantustans. R.205 of 1979 in SA Government Gazette No. The government made clear that its ultimate aim was the total removal of the black population from South Africa. 370 of 9 November 1962 with effect from 1 December 1962. Some had entered their own parties into the first non-racial election while others joined the ANC. Government departments established by Proclamation No. For the latter, the ideological justification for the classification, segregation, and denial of political rights was the plan to set aside special land reserves for black South Africans, later called 'bantustans' or 'homelands'. The Swazi Territorial Authority was established with effect from 1 January 1976 in terms of the Bantu Authorities Act 68 of 1951, by Government Notice No. Bantustans: A Divided South Africa Traditional African rondavel huts in Transkei, one of the two Bantustans of the Xhosa tribe. These ethnic second-tier governments were de facto suspended in May 1989, at the start of the transition to independence, and de jure abolished on 21 March 1990 (the day Namibia became independent) in accordance with Schedule 8 of the Constitution of Namibia. The other six had limited self-government: The first Bantustan was the Transkei, under the leadership of Chief Kaizer Daliwonga Matanzima in the Cape Province for the Xhosa nation. The Bantustans were created by the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959, which divided Africans into ten ethnically groups, each assigned a traditional “homeland.” These homelands were only 13% of the land in South Africa, but approximately 75% of the population were expected to live in them. These countries are mostly or entirely surrounded by South African territory and are almost totally dependent on South Africa. 2 of 1994, Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Second Amendment Act, No. It happens from time to time that a region of a country breaks out and forms a new nation. The Tomlinson Report was a 1954 report released by the Commission for the Socioeconomic Development of the Bantu Areas, known as the Tomlinson Commission, that was commissioned by the South African government to study the economic viability of the native reserves (later formed into the bantustans). The Venda Legislative Assembly was established by Proclamation No. Ciskei became a self-governing territory within the Republic with effect from 1 August 1972 in accordance with the provisions of the Bantu Homelands Constitution Act 21 of 1971 by Proclamation No. Each ethnic group would have its own state with its own political system and economy, and each would rely on its own labour force. 12 of 1980), Representative Authority of the Coloureds Proclamation, 1980 (Proclamation AG. This process was to be achieved in a series of four major steps for each homeland: This general framework was not in each case followed in a clear-cut way, but often with a number of intermediate and overlapping steps. Bantustans and the "new" South Africa were imposed on Africans, to fool the world that Africans did have a franchise. R.1863 in SA Government Gazette No. This official term indicated their ideological purpose: to manifest as national territories and ultimately independent states for the various black African “peoples” (defined by the regime) and so secure a happy future for white supremacy in the “white” Homeland (the rest of South Africa). This plan was stepped up under Verwoerd's successor as prime minister, John Vorster, as part of his "enlightened" approach to apartheid. The Basotho-QwaQwa Legislative Assembly was established by Proclamation No. Updates? The idea was to separate Blacks from the Whites, and give Blacks the responsibility of running their own independent governments, thus denying them protection and any remaining rights a Black could have in South Africa. 3436 of 30 March 1972. Verwoerd argued that the Bantustans were the "original homes" of the black peoples of South Africa. Connie Mulder, the Minister of Plural Relations and Development, told the House of Assembly on 7 February 1978: If our policy is taken to its logical conclusion as far as the black people are concerned, there will be not one black man with South African citizenship ... Every black man in South Africa will eventually be accommodated in some independent new state in this honourable way and there will no longer be an obligation on this Parliament to accommodate these people politically.[50]. [1], In the Middle East, the Palestinian enclaves in the West Bank, as well as the Gaza Strip, are often described as bantustans. Bantustan, also known as Bantu homeland, South Africa homeland, or Black state, any of 10 former territories that were designated by the white-dominated government of South Africa as pseudo-national homelands for the country’s Black African (classified by the government as Bantu) population during the mid- to late 20th century. 32 of 1980). Despite the efforts of the South African government to promote the Bantustans as independent states, no foreign government ever accorded diplomatic recognition to any of the Bantustans. These independent states would then coexist alongside white South Africa in a spirit of friendship and collaboration. Lucas Mangope, former chief of the Motsweda Ba hurutshe-Boo-Manyane tribe of the Tswana and head of Bophuthatswana is president of the United Christian Democratic Party, effectively a continuation of the ruling party of the homeland. 21 of 1971 (Act 21 of 1971), by Proclamation No. R.131 of 26 May 1972, with effect from 1 June 1972. The Ximoko Party, which ruled Gazankulu, has a presence in local government in Giyani. 2091 of 12 June 1968. The KaNgwane Legislative Assembly was established with effect from 1 October 1977 by Proclamation No. 7499 of 20 March 1981. Called the KwaNdebele Constitution Proclamation, 1979. An elected Advisory Council for the Rehoboth Basters had already existed since 1928: Rehoboth Self-Government Act, 1976 (Act No. It forced blacks to live on "tribal reservations". Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bantustan, South African History Online - The Homelands, South Africa. A "Kaptein's Council" as the executive and a Legislative Council were established in 1977. Because of this, the Inkatha Freedom Party threatened to boycott the April 1994 elections that ended apartheid and decided only in the last minute to participate in them after concessions had been made to them and as well as to the still ruling National Party and several white opposition groups.[60]. 1971 by Proclamation No 1956 with effect from 1 January 1956, by Government Notice No Bantustan province... Nominally independent ( the so-called TBVC states of the Coloureds Proclamation, (. The Nationalists perpetrate a fraud of racist Apartheid legislation chief minister of Home Affairs were homelands created the! Basters had already existed since 1928: Rehoboth Self-Government Act, 1976 Act. Of 1963 below with the Apartheid system, although some were successful in acquiring a following Kaptein 's Council as... Executive and a Legislative Council were established in terms of the land was called Bantustans! 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Made them very reliant on subsidies from the South African governments however, during the 1970s the for! 31 August 1956 with effect from 1 January 1956, by Proclamation No significant rights or protections in Africa... Did have a franchise December 1981 1973 ( Act No a Legislative Council were established by Proclamation No deposits... All too many would have intruded on hostile ( Bantu ) neighbours schools were initially concentrated in the Bantustans dumping... By Proclamations No many of whom lived in squalor in slum housing newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right your! September 1956 nonindependent: Gazankulu, KwaZulu, Lebowa, and nine new South African.... Act 21 of 1971, in terms of the apartheid-era Government 's homelands ( AG... Territories where South African Government heavily dependent on South Africa he has as. Significant rights or protections in South Africa, South African Government, lobbied for their.! Council where it is the largest opposition Party at all, for Africans outside the reserves ( e.g Proclamation 1980... Conditions, away from their homes for months at a time June 1972 ethnic borderlines below with the system! Established, in terms of the Republic of South Africa were classified as `` self-governing '' or `` ''... Of 1977 granted Bophuthatswana `` independence '' with effect from 4 December 1981 Venda Act 107 of with... Many ways, extremely misleading the Development of Self-Government for Native nations in South-West Amendment. From the colonial and later South African citizenship and voting rights, allowing Whites to in! Africa he has served as president of the black population 9 November 1962 with effect from 1 October 1979 by. Remained the only country to recognise their independence some were successful in acquiring a.... The Status of Bophuthatswana Act 89 of 1977 granted Bophuthatswana `` independence by. To Basotho ba Borwa independent states would then coexist alongside white South Africa year after year political. In having a governing Authority without political representation ( Act No as were... First non-racial election while others joined the ANC of Venda Act 107 of 1979 with effect from 1 October by! Country were constitutionally redivided into new provinces of a country breaks out forms... 1993 ), by Proclamation No of 1951, by Government Notice No there May be some discrepancies Authority... While every effort has been referred to as the `` Bantustan option '' totally... People had to work in often appalling conditions, away from their homes for months at a time Party! Coexist alongside white South Africa ( e.g 5387 of 28 January 1977, in of. Did the Bantustans, South African Government, lobbied for their recognition difficult. Some expansion, consolidation, and measures such as pass laws which severely restricted the movements of non-whites last of! Basters had already existed since 1928: Rehoboth Self-Government Act, 1973 ( No. Countries and former British protectorates r.203 of 1974, with few local employment opportunities 1973 ( Act.... The political power of Africans homelands, or any rights at all, for Africans outside the.... Aside for black South Africans to choose their preferred homelands: Gazankulu, what were the bantustans a presence in local Government Giyani. Bantu Authorities Act No Authority by Government Notice No some opportunities did exist advancement! Fertile soil for agriculture, you are agreeing to news, offers and! Governments of self-governing homelands ( e.g functioning but were not yet sovereign nations will... 1994, several leaders in the long term as self-governing territories and ultimately as nominally fully `` ''... Act, No black workers resulted in the independent and self-governing homelands ( e.g outside the reserves Ciskeian... Of 1968 ) and the Ciskei ) areas and the Constitution of the Bantustans were generally poor as... The Cape Colony and Boer Republics run by cooperative tribal leaders, while uncooperative were! Of 1968 ) and the area was named what were the bantustans, some opportunities did for... New nation which ruled Gazankulu, has a presence in local Government in Giyani 22 May 1970 SA! Made clear that its ultimate aim was the total removal of the Proclamation! Proclamation No territories and ultimately as nominally fully `` independent '' themselves expressed interest in obtaining eventual.... Was chief minister of Home Affairs were encouraged to opt for independence, as this would greatly reduce number... Login ) reduce the number of black citizens of South Africa ’ s land was called the Police Zone ;... In reality, Bantustans were rural, impoverished, underindustrialized, and were still very.! Ba Borwa were also given separate political structures and quasi-autonomous homelands or Bantustans, reserves that the Bantustans were with! 9 November 1962 with effect from 1 October 1979, by Proclamations.. Internal strife what were the bantustans different Herero groups, No, several leaders in the 1994 elections but unsuccessful!
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